Tit for tat? EU risk-sharing and experienced reciprocity

As with previous crises, EU-wide risk-sharing has also been demanded during the Covid-19 pandemic. Yet, this crisis did not unfold in a political vacuum. Instead, public backing for EU-wide risk-sharing might have been informed by past crises experiences. Building on the idea of experienced reciprocal risk-sharing, we assume that the willingness to share risks is greater when a crisis-ridden country has also shown solidarity before, whereas readiness to cooperate may be mitigated by non-solidarity-oriented behaviour in the past. We test this assumption based on a survey experiment carried out in eleven EU countries in 2020. Our findings suggest that, when people are given information about whether another country has acted in solidarity in the past, this influences their willingness to support risk-sharing in the present. However, we also find evidence that respondents' preferences outside the experimental setting do not always match their country's recent history of reciprocal risk-sharing.

Rationality in social science: Foundations, norms, and prosociality

The concept of rationality and its significance for theory and empirical research in social science are key topics of scholarly discussion. In the tradition of an analytical as well as empirical approach in social science, this volume assembles novel contributions on methodological foundations and basic assumptions of theories of rational choice. The volume highlights the use of rational choice assumptions for research on fundamental problems in social theory such as the emergence, dynamics, and effects of social norms and the conditions for cooperation and prosociality. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2021.

Understanding social media users' engagement intention toward emergency information: the role of experience and information usefulness in a reciprocity framework

PurposeThe aim of this study is to investigate how social media users' experience of seeking emergency information affects their engagement intention toward emergency information with a reciprocity framework integrated with information adoption model.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on reciprocity theory, indebtedness theory, and information adoption model, an integrative research model is developed. This study employs a questionnaire survey to collect data of 325 social media users in China. Structural equation modeling analyses are conducted to test the proposed theoretical model.FindingsSocial media users' experience of seeking emergency information has a strong effect on their perceived information usefulness and indebtedness, while perceived information usefulness further influences community norm, indebtedness, and engagement intention. The authors also found that perceived information usefulness mediates the relationships between experience of seeking emergency information and community norm/indebtedness.Originality/valueThis study offers a new perspective to explain social media users' engagement intention in the diffusion of emergency information. This study contributes to the literature by extending the theoretical framework of reciprocity and applying it to the context of emergency information diffusion. The findings of this study could benefit the practitioners who wish to leverage social media tools for emergency response purposes.

The politics of gifts and reciprocity in South-South Cooperation: The case of India's Covid-19 diplomacy.

Development economists have often argued that South-South flows of capital and aid are devoid of the conditionalities and hierarchies that define North-South flows of the same. Maussians and neo-Maussians maintain that gifting-which allows for the ethos of reciprocity-leads to the formation of more equal international partnerships. This article focusses on India's development diplomacy. We unpack Indian cultural notions of 'gifting', which do not allow for imaginings of reciprocity, and show how 'the gift' has been strategically employed by Indian actors as a tool of state-making to forge relations of hierarchy and dependence globally.

Ageing, Vulnerability and COVID-19

COVID-19 has had a destructive ripple effect on all aspects of society but with a more drastic impact on the most vulnerable and dependent on government services through social protection mechanisms. Among these is population ageing. Already in need and facing challenges of healthy ageing and dependent, especially in Pacific Island countries, on traditional family relations, the general shrinking of resources including able-bodied family members presents a crisis of livelihood for ageing parents. In Fiji, government social schemes have proven inadequate and open up spaces for the resurgence of charity, reciprocity and the "moral economy” as enduring Pacific values. Where then does social protection go from here? This is the question of our times. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.

Who Deserves European Solidarity? How Recipient Characteristics Shaped Public Support for International Medical and Financial Aid during COVID-19

International solidarity is indispensable for coping with global crises;however, solidarity is frequently constrained by public opinion. Past research has examined who, on the donor side, is willing to support European and international aid. However, we know less about who, on the recipient side, is perceived to deserve solidarity. The article argues that potential donors consider situational circumstances and those relational features that link them to the recipients. Using factorial survey experiments, we analyse public support for international medical and financial aid in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results show that recipient countries' situational need and control, as well as political community criteria, namely, group membership, adherence to shared values and reciprocity, played a crucial role in explaining public support for aid. Important policy implications result: on the donor side, fault-attribution frames matter;on the recipient side, honouring community norms is key to receiving aid.

Triaging and managing Covid-Inequities and ethical decision-making

Early identification and separation of suspected Covid-19 patients at triage is vital to prevent disease transmission in healthcare settings. Triaging is a complex and context-specific process to implement especially where resources are scarce and health systems are fragile. The need to allocate these resources in a consistent, transparent, and equitable manner during the covid-19 pandemic is underpinned by ethical principles among which are utilitarianism and egalitarianism. Considerations of social identities such as age, gender, social class, and medical criteria such as comorbidities and frailty may lead to explicit and implicit bias and attendant discrimination. Theoretical constructs such as narrow social utility and reciprocity may be invoked to justify the prioritisation of healthcare workers (HCWs) infected with Covid-19 despite the pitfalls in the underlying assumptions. As no single framework exists to comprehensively guide the Covid-19 triage process, the establishment of institutional recommendations and policies within which are embedded safety nets for managing the physical, mental, and emotional fallouts on HCWs is critical. © 2023 Kemi Ogunyemi and Adaora I. Onaga. All rights reserved.

Rationing, Responsibility, and Vaccination during COVID-19: A Conceptual Map.

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, shortages of scarce healthcare resources consistently presented significant moral and practical challenges. While the importance of vaccines as a key pharmaceutical intervention to stem pandemic scarcity was widely publicized, a sizable proportion of the population chose not to vaccinate. In response, some have defended the use of vaccination status as a criterion for the allocation of scarce medical resources. In this paper, we critically interpret this burgeoning literature, and describe a framework for thinking about vaccine-sensitive resource allocation using the values of responsibility, reciprocity, and justice. Although our aim here is not to defend a single view of vaccine-sensitive resource allocation, we believe that attending critically with the diversity of arguments in favor (and against) vaccine-sensitivity reveals a number of questions that a vaccine-sensitive approach to allocation should answer in future pandemics.

Toward reciprocity in healing: Introduction to the special issue

The article presents an introduction to the special issue on reciprocity. The notion of reciprocity was the primary confluence theme. The word reciprocal comes from the Latin, reciprocus, meaning to move backward and forward. Reciprocity is easy enough to understand as a concept, but it is challenging to manifest. We are habitually human-focused, continuously concerned with ourselves, and too commonly unaware of ourselves as a profoundly impactful part of nature. As a consequence, we end up forgetting the other half of the equation, the back-and forth- ing required for all of us to be healthy. Confluence participants were encouraged to submit articles to this special issue of Ecopsychology, but the invitation for submissions went out more broadly to anyone inspired by the confluence themes. In the interval between the confluence and publication of this special issue, the world was turned upside down by the novel coronavirus. This pandemic and the isolation, reflection, and quarantines it has spawned made the fundamental human need to connect with the natural world even more self-evident, becoming the subject of numerous mainstream news stories and highlighting the value of Nature for human health. However, in the midst of widespread panic, it has created a context in which recognition of the healing value of nature was markedly one-sided, lacking in any impulse toward reciprocity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

The moderating effect of leadership empowerment on relational capital and firms' innovation performance in the entrepreneurial ecosystem: Evidence from China

PurposeThis study aims to fill the research gap on the moderating effect of leadership empowerment on the relationship between relational capital and firms' innovation performance in the entrepreneurial ecosystem by addressing the following research questions: (1) How do different types of relational capital positively or negatively affect firms' innovation performance in China? (2) Does leadership empowerment play a moderating role in the above relationship?Design/methodology/approachUsing data derived from the firms distributed in eastern, central and western China, the authors study the impact of relational capital, one of the dimensions of intellectual capital, on firms' innovation performance in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Based on firms' operation process regarding the relationships with their external stakeholders, the authors divided relational capital into three aspects: trust, reciprocity and transparency. Furthermore, leadership empowerment is taken as the moderating variable in the above theoretical relationship.FindingsThere is significant evidence that trust, reciprocity and transparency have positive impact on firms' innovation performance. Leadership empowerment positively moderates the impact of trust and reciprocity on innovation performance. However, there is no significant moderating effect of leadership empowerment on the relationship between transparency and innovation performance.Originality/valueIn the era of the knowledge economy, the entrepreneurial ecosystem is a critical foundation for firms to improve their innovation capacity and performance, and intellectual capital is one of the most imperative drivers in terms of firms' innovation performance. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated thoroughly concerning the relationships among the entrepreneurial ecosystem, intellectual capital and innovation performance. As this study explores the relationships among the above three factors, it may have profound theoretical and practical significance for firms to extent external relationship networks, improve their innovation performance and strengthen their core competencies, which is of great significance to facilitate the construction of entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Reciprocity and design for an era of compressed temporal and spatial scale

Haraway and others have suggested reciprocity with the non-human world is a pathway to un-derstanding our humanness. Two urgent trends accelerate our need for this reciprocity: the first is the COVID-19 pandemic as a harbinger of future pandemics, and the second is our changing planetary climate. Our present time is increasingly becoming a "present-future,” linked irreversibly by scientific models to specific future states of our planet and local regions. At the same time our bodies are co-evolving with a virus in a global reciprocal process with no end in sight, collapsing our sense of scale and separation among bodies. A long view of time in the past could act as a counterbalance to this experience. Bringing the longue durée model of time into our present requires reestablishing our knowledge of a long-term past in which humans adapted to major changes in climate earlier in the Holocene. Forms of future urban adaptation can embody reciprocity by emphasizing strategies that anticipate change rather than seeking to prevent it, leap-ing forward in time to embrace global changes we are no longer able to prevent. © 2022 Author(s).

"Nice You Share in Return": Informational Sharing, Reciprocal Sharing, and Life Satisfaction Amid COVID-19 Pandemic.

Social media become an important space where people receive and share up-to-date health-related information during the rapid global spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). While information sharing in social media has been shown to improve relations, reduce stress, and enhance life satisfaction, little is known about reciprocal sharing. Situated in COVID-19 pandemic, this study conceptualizes information sharing as a communication process during which sharers expect the receivers to reciprocate, while receivers feel obligated to return the favor. Building upon social exchange theory and studies on social media sharing, the study tested a model of moderated mediation in which sharing of COVID-19 information was predicted to enhance life satisfaction by encouraging reciprocal sharing, i.e., information reciprocity. Subjective norms, attitudes, and perceived usefulness of the information was predicted to moderate the mediation. The hypothesized mediation was supported by data from a survey of 511 online participants in China. Furthermore, the indirect effect appeared stronger among the respondents who found the information more useful, reported more positive attitude, or perceived more subjective norms. The findings suggest that expected reciprocation may be an important incentive for social sharing, and received reciprocation may be a central part of the mechanism through which sharing benefits the sharer. Policymakers and communicators may need to take information reciprocity into consideration when designing health information campaign to confront communal threats.

Participatory Relationships Matter: Doctoral Students Traversing the Academy

In this article, we take our thoughts for a walk through our three different doctoral journeys and experiences with the Post Philosophies and the Doing of Inquiry Webinar Series (2020–2021). The webinars presented an example of Slow scholarship, enabling us to think deeply and differently from others and develop new ideas to take further. The online connections offered opportunities for extending learning spaces beyond traditional bounded structures. Here we explore the rich learning gained from each other's experiences of research, learning, and teaching in different higher education settings and ways in which these intersected with the webinars during the global COVID-19 pandemic. We contend that the generosity of senior academics in leadership positions who embraced global networks of communication, connected students with experts, and learned with and from their students through communal egalitarian spaces has enormous potential to support students as they traverse often demanding and challenging doctoral journeys. © The Author(s) 2022.

Ntobeko Ntusi: valuing a culture of inclusivity and reciprocity

Before our interview, Ntobeko Ntusi, Chair and Head of the Department of Medicine at the University of Cape Town (UCT) and Groote Schuur Hospital, South Africa, had been doing a bedside tutorial with students. South Africa's energy crisis has led to a rolling programme of blackouts and meant that "White affluent individuals are able to purchase additional energy generating capacity, so that they are relatively shielded from the impact of these blackouts”, but Black communities face "the absence of electricity for Black children to study at home, the decreased ability for people to use medical equipment at home, and the over-reliance on biofuels to cook, boil water, or keep the house warm, which increases their risk of tuberculosis, chest infections, cardiovascular disease”, he says. Sumaya Mall, Associate Professor in the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wits University, and a collaborator of Ntusi's, says he is "deeply engaged in discussions about race and racism in South African universities” and "well placed to empathise with staff and students who may feel alienated given his own historical experiences in South Africa and abroad”.

Border Region Attachment: An Empirical Study on Regional Social Capital in the French–German Border Area

In today's globalized and interconnected world, international relationships are becoming ever more important. This applies not only to political relations but also to transnational attachment, a positive and solidary mutual attitude between the citizens of two countries, which is mainly based on social capital and trust. In particular border areas can benefit enormously when people have a bond with their neighboring country and its inhabitants. Due to their geographic proximity and historically shaped identity, border regions have a high potential for increased economic and social exchange. While empirical work on these characteristics of specific border areas is scarce, this article presents a novel approach which applies the concept of transnational social capital taking the French-German border area as an example. The representative study is based on telephone interviews, which were conducted in the border area and in regions within the two countries as a control for country-level effects. We find strong evidence for border region attachment in form of higher levels of social capital and trust in the border area. Our findings have important implications for borderland economies in general and in particular for cross-border resilience with regard to prevailing risks like upcoming nationalism and disasters such as the Covid-19 pandemic.

Exploring the pathway from seeking to sharing social support in e-learning: an investigation based on the norm of reciprocity and expectation confirmation theory.

E-learning is increasingly evidenced as a conduit for social support exchange among students and protects them against mental health issues, however, the cognitive process of how social support is exchanged remains unclear. This study uses a cognitive theory approach to achieve a more nuanced explanation of students sharing or giving social support in e-learning. Specifically, we adopted the Norm of Reciprocity and Expectation Confirmation Theory to reveal the interconnection between students' perceived social support and giving social support in learning. The model is empirically validated based on survey data of 512 respondents from college students across China regarding their e-learning experience during the first wave of Covid-19. Our findings suggest that the relationship between perceived social support and giving social support is significant and positive, and this relationship is partially mediated by confirmation of social support. These findings imply that e-learning can foster a self-reliant environment for social support exchange among college students. Under such an environment, students' cognitive process in their seeking and sharing social support is majorly following the norm of reciprocity and secondary expectation confirmation theory.

The impact of loneliness on compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines.

Many individuals have been reluctant to follow the COVID-19 prevention guidelines (e.g., wearing a mask, physical distancing, and vigilant handwashing) set forth by the U.S. Center for Disease Control to reduce the spread of COVID-19. In this research, we use reciprocal altruism theory to investigate the role of loneliness and its impact on compliance with these guidelines. Our findings indicate that lonely individuals are less willing to comply with COVID-19 prevention guidelines than non-lonely individuals. Process evidence suggests that this occurs as loneliness can inhibit an individual's sense of obligation to reciprocate to others. However, we demonstrate that framing information about COVID-19 through agentic (vs. communal) advertising messaging strategies can offset the negative impact of loneliness on compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines. Thus, marketers and policymakers may want to consider the important role of loneliness when tailoring messaging appeals that encourage compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines.

The Effect of Formal Performance Evaluation and Intrinsic Religiosity on Trust

The current COVID-19 pandemic is a worldwide challenge, so organizationsneed to create innovative management to drive effective performance. Effective performance can be achieved, among others, by creating interpersonal trust between employees and supervisors. Therefore, examining the antecedents of this interpersonal trust is an important study. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of formal performance evaluation system and intrinsic religiosity on a person's trust toward their superiors. Data were obtained using an online questionnaire survey method. A total of 222 full-time faculty members of economics and business from 24 Christian higher education institutions across 14 provinces in Indonesia participated in this study. The data were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis. This study provides evidence on the positive effect of formal performance evaluation systems on trust based on social exchange theory. This study also reveals that intrinsic religiosity positively influences subordinates' trust in their superiors. This study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to introduce supernatural monitoring hypothesis as a theoretical base to examine the effect of intrinsic religiosity on trust. Further, this study provides evidence that supernatural monitoring hypothesis is the complementing theory of social exchange theory in building trust.

How Norms Emerge from Conventions (and Change)

Social norms regulate our behavior in a variety of mundane and far-reaching contexts, from tipping at the restaurant to social distancing during a pandemic. However, how social norms emerge, persist, and change is still poorly understood. Here the authors investigate experimentally whether spontaneously emerging behavioral regularities (i.e., conventions) gain normativity over time and, if so, whether their normative underpinning makes them resistant to changes in economic incentives. To track the coevolution of behavior and normativity, the authors use a set of measures to elicit participants' first- and second-order normative beliefs and their (dis)approval of other participants' behaviors. The authors find that even in the limited duration of their lab experiment, conventions gain normativity that makes these conventions resistant to change, especially if they promote egalitarian outcomes and the change in economic incentives is relatively small. These findings advance our understanding of how cognitive, social and economic mechanisms interact in bringing about social change.

Aging all over the place: a multidisciplinary framework that considers place and life trajectories of older adults within their communities

Purpose>This conceptual paper aims to describe aging all over the place (AAOP), a federative framework for action, research and policy that considers older adults’ diverse experiences of place and life trajectories, along with person-centered care.Design/methodology/approach>The framework was developed through group discussions, followed by an appraisal of aging models and validation during workshops with experts, including older adults.Findings>Every residential setting and location where older adults go should be considered a “place,” flexible and adaptable enough so that aging in place becomes aging all over the place. Health-care professionals, policymakers and researchers are encouraged to collaborate around four axes: biopsychosocial health and empowerment;welcoming, caring, mobilized and supportive community;spatiotemporal life and care trajectories;and out-of-home care and services. When consulted, a Seniors Committee showed appreciation for flexible person-centered care, recognition of life transitions and care trajectories and meaningfulness of the name.Social implications>Population aging and the pandemic call for intersectoral actions and for stakeholders beyond health care to act as community leaders. AAOP provides opportunities to connect environmental determinants of health and person-centered care.Originality/value>Building on the introduction of an ecological experience of aging, AAOP broadens the concept of care as well as the political and research agenda by greater integration of community and clinical actions. AAOP also endeavors to avoid patronizing older adults and to engage society in strengthening circles of benevolence surrounding older adults, regardless of their residential setting. AAOP’s applicability is evidenced by existing projects that share its approach.